Learning encapsulation should come before learning Rails

Do you see anything wrong in this one line of code?

puts 'Drink up your milk!' if @milk.expiration_date < 2.days.from_now

I think there is. In particular, the programmer can do better. It is about a programming concept that we have all heard and should be familiar with: encapsulation. If you are into testing, which you ought to be, you can probably identify such encapsulation violations by how smelly your tests are, as I believe in Test Driven Design. Going back to the line of code. What's wrong with it?

The pattern of this code is, you have code somewhere that yanks states (expiration_state) out of an object (@milk) and then interrogate against those states (< 2.days.from_now). By no means this is a rule, as exceptions do exist. But, when this happens, your programming siren in your head should go off as if the CI build is broken: can this be a method on the object @milk itself?

Ruby is a powerful programming language. It allows you to do all sorts of fancy programming: dynamically altering classes, add methods to only the selected few object instances, while being duck-typed and object-oriented all at the same time. There are examples galore in Rails itself. But to enable all such magic, all of your ActiveRecord domain models have getters and setters on all of their states (i.e. data). While that is convenient to access their states, sometimes you have to be careful. With great power comes great responsibility, and that responsibility comes down to you.

You might not think this applies to you. But have you ever written code like this in Ruby?

MyMailer.deliver_product_returned_notification if @product.state == State::Returned

total = @line_items.sum { |line_item| line_item.price * line_item.quantity }

if [:admin, :superuser].include?(@user.role)
  ...
end

Now, let's look at these rewritten examples:

puts 'Drink up your milk!' if @milk.expiring?

MyMailer.deliver_product_returned_notification if @product.returned?

total = @line_items.sum(&:subtotal)

if @user.superuser?
  ...
end

Forget about the loops, the blocks, the hype, and everything about Ruby for a sec. Code is code. Not only does the code become more readable, when you try to enrich your domain by naming things correctly, you could also very well be opening up new business concepts that wasn't previously clear or accurate. If you have a domain model, you are modeling it against domain concepts so that your app can interact with. You'd better be sure it is right, or else lots of time will go wasted on code that solves only half of the business problems all the time.